: High-cost practices like mass incarceration began to be re-evaluated through the lens of economic analysis, specifically revisiting Gary Becker's 1968 theories on the costs and benefits of crime and punishment.
The 2008 financial crisis forced a paradigm shift in how criminal justice was administered, introducing the concept of to a field previously less touched by economic austerity. Criminal Justice(2008)
: Official papers from 2008, such as "Prisons with a Purpose," emphasized that prisons should focus on incapacitation, punishment/deterrence, and rehabilitation . Global and Philosophical Perspectives : High-cost practices like mass incarceration began to
: There was a growing impulsion to reflect on whether the system should continue punishing low-harm "petty" crimes at the same intensity while major financial crimes crushed the expectations of millions. Global and Philosophical Perspectives : There was a
: It aimed to modernize the management of offenders, amend criminal law to better combat disorder, and introduce stricter measures for fine defaulters—who, according to studies that year, had an 85% likelihood of returning to prison.
: Scholars like Antonio Cassese questioned the "point" of international criminal justice, arguing that forensically-generated information in courtrooms often distorts historical truth and may carry more weight than it deserves.