In the late 20th century, anthropology underwent a period of intense self-critique. Influenced by post-colonial theory and feminists like (and later thinkers like James Clifford and George Marcus ), anthropologists began to question the power dynamics of fieldwork. They realized that the "objective" observer is never truly neutral. This led to Reflexivity , where anthropologists include their own biases and roles within their ethnographies. Conclusion

The history of anthropology is not just a timeline of discoveries, but a shifting landscape of how we define "humanity" and "culture." Since its formal inception in the 19th century, the discipline has oscillated between trying to find universal laws of human behavior and documenting the unique, irreducible nuances of specific societies. 1. The Victorian Foundation: Unilineal Evolutionism

The history of anthropology is a move from the "armchair" theorizing of the 19th century to the deeply reflexive, politically engaged discipline of today. It has evolved from a tool of colonial classification into a vital framework for understanding global diversity, proving that while human nature may be universal, its expressions are infinite.

By the 1970s, the focus shifted from "structures" to "meanings." pioneered Interpretive Anthropology , famously defining culture as a "web of significance." Instead of trying to be a hard science, anthropology became a quest for "thick description"—interpreting what social actions mean to the people performing them. 4. Post-Modernism and the Reflexive Turn