: Grouping aircraft by stall speed to determine specific obstacle clearance altitudes (OCA/H) for each type. Key Technical Components
: Providing design rules for the five segments of an instrument approach: arrival, initial, intermediate, final, and missed approach. Icao Doc 8168 Vol 2
: Establishing parameters for turn areas, including wind spirals and bank angles, to ensure aircraft stay within protected airspace. : Grouping aircraft by stall speed to determine
Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) - Aircraft Operations including wind spirals and bank angles
: Specific rules for straight and turning departures, often requiring minimum climb gradients (typically 3.3%) to clear obstacles.
: Designing for traditional ground-based aids like VOR, NDB, and ILS.