These forests are often over 80–160 years old, growing on thick mossy ground cover (Sphagnum).
Their extensive roots and trunks resist shoreline erosion and protect against storms. old mature black
They are vital for long-term carbon dioxide flux simulations, acting as major carbon sinks. These forests are often over 80–160 years old,
These stands are known for their high structural diversity, even-aged stand development, and resilience in boreal landscape dynamics. 2. Old Mature Black Mangrove ( Avicennia germinans ) even-aged stand development