Pain, Pallor, Pulse, Paresthesia, and Paralysis (specifically for identifying compartment syndrome ) [41]. Managing Pain

Effective treatment is often multifaceted , moving beyond just medication [25, 27]:

Massage, acupuncture , and gentle low-impact exercises like swimming or walking [14, 23].

A palliative care concept recognizing that pain has four interacting components: physical, psychological, social, and spiritual [40]. Common Frameworks for Management

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Nerve fibers relay these signals to the spinal cord and then to the brain's thalamus [5, 39].