D=TonT×100%cap D equals the fraction with numerator cap T sub o n end-sub and denominator cap T end-fraction cross 100 %
Pulse-Width Modulated (PWM) DC-DC converters are high-efficiency power electronic circuits that convert one DC voltage level to another by rapidly switching a power semiconductor (like a MOSFET) on and off. Unlike linear regulators that dissipate excess power as heat, PWM converters control the delivered to a load by adjusting the "on-time" within a fixed switching period. Core Working Principle Pulse Width Modulated DC-DC Converters
While the pulse width varies, the frequency typically remains constant, often in the kilohertz (kHz) to megahertz (MHz) range to minimize the size of passive components. D=TonT×100%cap D equals the fraction with numerator cap