The probability that results occurred by chance. A value <0.05is less than 0.05 is usually considered "statistically significant".
Examines cause-effect relationships between groups but lacks random assignment.
Failing to reject a false null hypothesis (a "false negative").
Evaluates the association between two categorical variables.
Apply statistical tests to interpret the numbers. Common Statistical Tests
Describes the current status of a variable or phenomenon (e.g., "What is the average test score?").