As small pelagic fish, they are a more sustainable seafood choice with lower mercury levels compared to larger predatory fish [15]. 3. Fisheries and Stock Management

Many regions, such as the Iberian Coast and the Mediterranean, have seen historical declines in recruitment [2, 23].

Modern research is exploring ways to convert sardine solid waste into high-value products like natural hydroxyapatite for water treatment [3] or refined fish oil for food enrichment [7]. 4. Cultural and Culinary Trends

The popularity of the subject has even extended into tabletop games, such as the Sunny Day Sardines card game [34].

Beyond traditional canning, sardines are featured in diverse recipes ranging from sardine toast [41] to savory Tarte Tatin

Sardine

As small pelagic fish, they are a more sustainable seafood choice with lower mercury levels compared to larger predatory fish [15]. 3. Fisheries and Stock Management

Many regions, such as the Iberian Coast and the Mediterranean, have seen historical declines in recruitment [2, 23]. sardine

The popularity of the subject has even extended into tabletop games, such as the Sunny Day Sardines card game [34]. As small pelagic fish

Beyond traditional canning, sardines are featured in diverse recipes ranging from sardine toast [41] to savory Tarte Tatin