Scholars like Robert Rotberg categorize states based on their performance in providing security and other "political goods":
Characterized by enduring internal violence and a government that has lost legitimacy and physical control over its territory. When States Fail: Causes and Consequences
State failure occurs when a nation-state loses its ability to effectively govern its territory, provide essential political goods, and maintain a monopoly on the legitimate use of force . This guide breaks down the core concepts, drivers, and global impacts associated with this phenomenon. 1. Defining the Spectrum of State Strength Scholars like Robert Rotberg categorize states based on
Perform well across all categories, ensuring security, law, and basic infrastructure. provide essential political goods
Human agency is often the most direct cause, as rulers subvert democratic norms and work for personal or kin-based gain.